Understanding CBD Oil: The Science of the Endocannabinoid System

Author: Rohan Smith | Functional Medicine Practitioner | Adelaide, SA

Quick Answer: What Is CBD Oil?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of over 100 naturally occurring cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD is non-intoxicating and does not produce a “high.” Instead, it interacts with the body’s own Endocannabinoid System (ECS), a regulatory network involved in maintaining balance across the nervous, immune, and gastrointestinal systems (1,2).

Core Concept: The Endocannabinoid System Explained

The Endocannabinoid System is a signalling network composed of receptors, endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and enzymes responsible for their synthesis and breakdown. Its primary role is homeostasis—the ability of the body to adapt and maintain internal stability under stress.

CB1 and CB2 Receptors

CB1 receptors are predominantly located in the central nervous system and influence processes such as pain perception, memory, and mood. THC binds directly to CB1 receptors, accounting for its psychoactive effects (2).

CB2 receptors are expressed mainly on immune cells and within the gastrointestinal tract. These receptors play a role in immune modulation and inflammatory signalling, making them of interest in research involving the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation (3).

How CBD Differs From THC

CBD does not bind directly to CB1 or CB2 receptors. Instead, it influences ECS tone indirectly, including inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for breaking down the endocannabinoid anandamide. By slowing anandamide degradation, CBD may support endogenous regulatory signalling without intoxicating effects (1,11).

Beyond Cannabinoid Receptors

CBD is considered a multi-target compound due to its interaction with several non-cannabinoid pathways.

Serotonin (5-HT1A) Signalling

CBD has been shown to interact with the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor, a pathway involved in mood regulation, stress response, and nausea. This mechanism is frequently discussed in research exploring nutritional and neurobiological factors influencing mood (5,14).

Pain and TRPV-1 Receptors

CBD also interacts with transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV-1) receptors, which are involved in nociception and inflammatory pain signalling. This pathway has been examined in studies of neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation and fatigue patterns (4).

PPAR Activation and Cellular Signalling

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cellular differentiation. CBD-mediated PPAR activation has been explored in experimental models related to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (6,12).

Solution / Test: Accessing CBD in Australia

In Australia, CBD is classified as a Schedule 4 (Prescription Only) medicine. Access typically occurs via the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Special Access Scheme (SAS-B) or through an Authorised Prescriber. Clinical oversight is required to ensure legal sourcing, appropriate dosing, and product quality (7).

When to Consider a Professional Review

CBD research is evolving, and responses may vary depending on individual biochemistry, concurrent medications, and underlying health patterns. Professional guidance is particularly important for individuals with complex inflammatory, neurological, or immune-related presentations.

Next Steps

CBD is best viewed as one potential component within a broader functional and nutritional medicine framework. Understanding regulatory status, biological context, and individual suitability is essential before considering use.

Key Insights

• CBD is non-intoxicating and interacts indirectly with the Endocannabinoid System (1,11).
• Its effects involve multiple pathways, including serotonin and TRPV-1 signalling (4,5).
• CB2 receptor activity links the ECS to immune and gut-related processes (3).
• Regulatory oversight and clinical guidance are essential in Australia (7).

Explore a Holistic Approach to Health

CBD is only one aspect of a comprehensive functional medicine approach. If you are exploring underlying contributors to chronic inflammation, mood dysregulation, or complex health patterns, professional guidance can help place emerging therapies into proper context.

Learn more or book a consultation at Elemental Health and Nutrition.

References

1. Pertwee RG. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2008.
2. Alger BE. Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. Cerebrum. 2013.
3. Wright K et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Br J Pharmacol. 2008.
4. Costa B et al. Cannabidiol as an orally effective therapeutic agent in neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007.
5. Russo EB et al. Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1A receptors. Neurochem Res. 2005.
6. Scuderi C et al. Cannabidiol in CNS disorders. Phytother Res. 2014.
7. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Medicinal cannabis guidance for health professionals. Australia.
8. Arkell TR et al. Detection of THC in oral fluid following CBD-rich cannabis use. Drug Test Anal. 2019.
9. Devinsky O et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential role in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014.
10. Iffland K, Grotenhermen F. Safety and side effects of cannabidiol. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2017.
11. Blessing EM et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2015.
12. Esposito G et al. Cannabidiol and neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2011.
13. De Petrocellis L et al. Effects of cannabinoids on TRP channels. Br J Pharmacol. 2011.
14. Campos AC et al. Mechanisms involved in CBD’s anxiolytic effects. Br J Pharmacol. 2012.
15. Zhornitsky S, Potvin S. Cannabidiol in neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2012.