When we hear about thyroid problems, we usually imagine adults struggling with fatigue, weight changes, or mood swings. But what often flies under the radar is the fact that children, even newborns, can also face thyroid dysfunction. In kids, a small thyroid problem can lead to much bigger health consequences, impacting everything from growth to brain development. Recognising the signs early and choosing the right treatment can make an extraordinary difference in a child’s wellbeing.
Let’s dive deeper into what parents, carers, and health professionals need to know about thyroid conditions in children.
What Does the Thyroid Gland Do?
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland sitting neatly at the base of the neck. Though tiny, it plays a colossal role in producing hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, and overall growth. In children, a properly functioning thyroid is vital for brain development, puberty, and even emotional health.
When the thyroid does not work as it should, problems quickly ripple out across the entire body.
Common Thyroid Disorders in Children
Several thyroid conditions can affect young people, but the most common include:
1. Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)
This condition happens when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later. Symptoms of hypothyroidism in children include:
- Slower growth and shorter stature
- Fatigue and excessive sleepiness
- Constipation
- Dry skin and brittle hair
- Poor school performance
- Mood changes like depression or irritability
- Delayed puberty
Congenital hypothyroidism is especially serious, as thyroid hormones are crucial for brain development in the first years of life. Newborns in Australia are routinely screened within days of birth to catch this early.
2. Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)
Less common but equally important, hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid pumps out too much hormone. Symptoms in children may include:
- Rapid heartbeat and palpitations
- Weight loss despite normal eating
- Anxiety and nervousness
- Tremors or shaky hands
- Difficulty sleeping
- Increased sweating
- Bulging eyes (in some cases, like Graves’ disease)
Hyperthyroidism can accelerate growth spurts but might eventually lead to early closure of growth plates, leaving children shorter than expected.
3. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (leading to hypothyroidism) and Graves’ disease (causing hyperthyroidism) are increasingly recognised in children. In these cases, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid, disrupting its normal function.
Family history often plays a strong role in autoimmune thyroid disease.
How Are Thyroid Disorders Diagnosed?
If a doctor suspects a thyroid issue, they will usually start with a blood test measuring levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and free T4 (thyroxine). An ultrasound may also be used to assess the structure of the gland, especially if there is a visible lump or swelling known as a goitre.
In some cases, additional tests for thyroid antibodies can help pinpoint autoimmune conditions.
Early diagnosis is essential because untreated thyroid problems can lead to learning difficulties, behavioural issues, stunted growth, and even heart complications.
How a Holistic or Functional Medicine Approach Can Help
While traditional medicine focuses mainly on replacing or reducing thyroid hormones, a holistic or functional medicine approach digs deeper into why the thyroid became imbalanced in the first place.
Functional medicine practitioners look at the body as an interconnected system. They often investigate root causes such as:
- Nutrient deficiencies (like iodine, selenium, or zinc)
- Gut health imbalances
- Environmental toxin exposure
- Chronic stress and adrenal dysfunction
- Underlying infections or inflammation
A holistic strategy might incorporate nutritional therapy, stress management techniques, herbal support, and detoxification pathways alongside conventional treatments.
Importantly, this approach aims not just to mask symptoms but to support the body’s natural ability to heal and maintain balance. For children, this means fostering not only recovery but also vibrant long-term health.
Final Thoughts
The thyroid might be small, but its impact on a child’s growth, energy, and happiness is enormous. Being aware of the warning signs, seeking timely medical advice, and considering a holistic perspective can ensure that children with thyroid disorders thrive — not just survive.